The Portrait of a Lady
1. Who is the author of The Portrait of a Lady?
Answer: Khushwant Singh.
2. Who is the ‘lady’ in the story?
Answer: The narrator’s grandmother.
3. How is the grandmother described physically?
Answer: She was short, fat, old, wrinkled, slightly bent, and always dressed in white.
4. What made her look very old?
Answer: Her wrinkled face, white hair, bent posture, and constant prayer made her look extremely old.
5. What did the grandmother always carry?
Answer: A rosary in her hand.
6. Why did she keep telling the beads?
Answer: Because she was always praying.
7. Where did the narrator live with his grandmother?
Answer: In a village.
8. Who took care of the narrator in childhood?
Answer: His grandmother.
9. What kind of school did the narrator attend in the village?
Answer: A temple school.
10. Who taught at the village school?
Answer: A priest.
11. What did the grandmother do while the narrator studied?
Answer: She read holy books in the temple.
12. What did the grandmother give to the village dogs?
Answer: Stale chapattis.
13. What happened when the narrator went to the city?
Answer: The bond between him and his grandmother became weaker.
14. Why was the grandmother unhappy in the city?
Answer: Because the narrator was not taught about God and scriptures.
15. What subjects did she dislike?
Answer: English, Science, and Music.
16. Why did she dislike music?
Answer: She believed music was meant for beggars and prostitutes.
17. What did the grandmother do most of the time in the city?
Answer: She prayed and spun the spinning wheel.
18. Which birds did she love?
Answer: Sparrows.
19. What made her happiest?
Answer: Feeding the sparrows.
20. What did she do when the narrator went abroad?
Answer: She came to see him off at the railway station silently praying.
21. What was her reaction when he returned after five years?
Answer: She hugged him silently and prayed.
22. Why did she beat the drum and sing?
Answer: To celebrate her grandson’s return.
23. Why was her dancing and singing unusual?
Answer: Because she forgot to pray for the first time.
24. What happened the next morning?
Answer: She fell ill.
25. What did she say about her death?
Answer: That her end was near.
26. How did she die?
Answer: While praying peacefully.
27. How did the sparrows behave after her death?
Answer: They sat silently around her body.
28. Did the sparrows eat the bread?
Answer: No, they did not touch it.
29. What does the sparrows’ silence symbolize?
Answer: Their sorrow and respect for the grandmother.
30. What is the central theme of the story?
Answer: The story shows love, devotion, and the changing relationship between generations.
Q1. Describe the character of the grandmother in “The Portrait of a Lady.”
Answer:
The grandmother in The Portrait of a Lady is one of the most memorable characters in English literature. She is presented as a symbol of traditional values, religious devotion, self-sacrifice, and unconditional love. Physically, she is very old, short, fat, and slightly bent. Her face is full of wrinkles, her hair is white, and she always wears white clothes, which gives her the appearance of peace and purity. Her constant prayer and the rosary in her hand show her deep faith in God.
Emotionally, she is very loving and caring, especially towards her grandson. In the village, she looks after him like a mother. She wakes him up, prepares him for school, and even goes to school with him. This shows her deep attachment and devotion. However, when they move to the city, their relationship changes. She does not complain but accepts her loneliness quietly, showing her patience and strength.
The grandmother is also deeply religious. She does not approve of modern education, especially English, science, and music, because she believes they take children away from God. Even in old age, she keeps herself busy with prayers and spinning.
Her love for sparrows shows her kindness and gentle nature. Even at the time of death, she dies peacefully while praying, which reflects her spiritual strength. Thus, the grandmother is a perfect example of simplicity, devotion, love, and dignity.
Q2. How does the relationship between the narrator and his grandmother change in the story?
Answer:
The relationship between the narrator and his grandmother goes through many changes in the story. In the beginning, they share a very close bond. When the narrator lives in the village, his grandmother takes complete care of him. She wakes him up, prepares his breakfast, gets him ready for school, and even accompanies him to the temple school. They spend a lot of time together, which creates a strong emotional connection between them.
However, when they move to the city, their relationship begins to change. The narrator starts going to an English school by bus, and the grandmother no longer goes with him. This physical separation slowly turns into emotional distance. She feels unhappy because he is not taught about God and religious values. When she learns that he is studying music, she is deeply disturbed, as she believes music is meant only for low people.
When the narrator goes to university, the distance increases further. He gets a separate room, and the grandmother becomes lonely. Still, she accepts her loneliness silently and spends her time praying and feeding sparrows. Even when the narrator goes abroad for five years, she shows no emotional weakness and quietly prays for him.
In the end, their relationship becomes spiritual rather than physical. She expresses her love through silent prayers and blessings. Her peaceful death shows the deep, unspoken bond they shared.
We’re Not Afraid to Die… if We Can All Be Together
1. Who is the narrator of the story?
Answer: A 37-year-old businessman.
2. What was the name of the ship?
Answer: Wavewalker.
3. Who were the members of the narrator’s family?
Answer: His wife Mary, son Jonathan, and daughter Suzanne.
4. From where did the voyage begin?
Answer: Plymouth, England.
5. What was the purpose of the journey?
Answer: To go around the world following Captain James Cook’s route.
6. What was the length of Wavewalker?
Answer: 23 metres.
7. Where did they stop to take crew members?
Answer: Cape Town.
8. Who were the two crew members?
Answer: Larry Vigil and Herb Seigler.
9. When did they face the worst storm?
Answer: On January 2.
10. How high were the waves?
Answer: About 15 metres.
11. What happened to the narrator during the storm?
Answer: He was thrown into the sea and badly injured.
12. What injuries did the narrator suffer?
Answer: Cracked ribs, bleeding mouth, and broken teeth.
13. What did Mary inform the narrator?
Answer: That the ship was sinking.
14. What happened to the ship?
Answer: The wooden planks were broken and water rushed in.
15. How was Sue injured?
Answer: She had a big bump on her head and cuts on her arm.
16. How did the narrator repair the ship?
Answer: With canvas, screws, and a hammer.
17. What went wrong with the pumps?
Answer: The hand pumps got blocked and the electric pump short-circuited.
18. Why did they not receive help?
Answer: Their Mayday calls were not answered.
19. Which island did they aim to reach?
Answer: Ile Amsterdam.
20. How long did they pump water out?
Answer: For about 36 hours.
21. What food did they eat after two days?
Answer: Corned beef and biscuits.
22. What did Jonathan say that touched everyone?
Answer: “We aren’t afraid of dying if we can all be together.”
23. What did the narrator do to save the ship?
Answer: He used a sea anchor to protect the weak side.
24. What instrument did he use to find direction?
Answer: A sextant.
25. What did Suzanne give her father?
Answer: A card showing love and thanks.
26. Who first saw the island?
Answer: Jonathan and Suzanne.
27. What was the island called?
Answer: Ile Amsterdam.
28. How were they welcomed there?
Answer: By 28 island inhabitants who helped them ashore.
29. What qualities of Larry and Herb are highlighted?
Answer: Courage and cheerfulness in danger.
30. What is the central theme of the story?
Answer: Courage, family love, unity, and determination in the face of danger.
Q1. Describe how the Wavewalker faced the storm and how the narrator tried to save the ship.
Answer:
The Wavewalker faced one of the most violent storms in the southern Indian Ocean. Huge waves, rising up to fifteen metres, hit the ship with great force. On January 2, a massive wave struck the Wavewalker, breaking its wooden beams and letting in tons of water. The narrator was thrown into the sea and badly injured, but he managed to get back on board and take control.
Despite bleeding and having cracked ribs, the narrator did not give up. He organized Larry and Herb to pump out water while he repaired the broken parts using canvas, screws, and a hammer. He also arranged waterproof covers to block the holes. When pumps failed and water rose dangerously, he found another electric pump to keep the ship afloat. His courage, quick thinking, and determination saved the Wavewalker from sinking.
Q2. How did the family members show courage and unity during the crisis?
Answer:
The story shows how every member of the family displayed great courage and unity during the dangerous sea journey. Mary, the narrator’s wife, stayed at the wheel for long hours even when the ship was badly damaged. She remained calm and supportive, giving strength to others.
The children also showed remarkable bravery. Suzanne, despite being badly injured, never complained. She even made a card for her father expressing love and gratitude. Jonathan, only six years old, showed emotional strength when he said, “We are not afraid of dying if we can all be together.” This statement gave the narrator new determination to fight the sea.
The crew members Larry and Herb also worked tirelessly at the pumps and remained cheerful even in the worst moments. Their unity and cooperation helped them survive the terrible storm.
Q3. Explain the significance of the title “We’re Not Afraid to Die… if We Can All Be Together.”
Answer:
The title reflects the main theme of the story—love, unity, and courage in the face of danger. Jonathan’s words, “We’re not afraid to die if we can all be together,” express the deep bond among the family. It shows that emotional togetherness is more powerful than fear of death.
The title highlights how the family valued each other’s presence more than their own lives. Their willingness to face death together gave the narrator strength and hope. It also shows the importance of family support during crises. Thus, the title perfectly sums up the spirit of the story—bravery born from love and unity.
Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues
1. Who was Tutankhamun?
Answer: He was a young Egyptian Pharaoh who ruled over 3,300 years ago.
2. When was Tut’s mummy taken for a CT scan?
Answer: On January 5, 2005.
3. Why was the CT scan done?
Answer: To solve the mystery of Tut’s death and to determine his age at death.
4. Who discovered Tut’s tomb?
Answer: Howard Carter.
5. In which year was Tut’s tomb discovered?
Answer: In 1922.
6. Where is Tut’s tomb located?
Answer: In the Valley of the Kings, Egypt.
7. What made Tut’s tomb famous?
Answer: It contained the richest collection of royal treasures ever found.
8. Name two items found in Tut’s tomb.
Answer: Gold artifacts and board games.
9. What problem did Carter face while removing the mummy?
Answer: The mummy was stuck to the coffin due to hardened resins.
10. How did Carter remove the mummy?
Answer: By cutting it free using chisels.
11. What damage was done to Tut’s body?
Answer: The head and major joints were broken.
12. Who criticised Carter’s method?
Answer: Zahi Hawass.
13. What was Zahi Hawass’s designation?
Answer: Secretary General of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities.
14. How has modern archaeology changed?
Answer: It now focuses more on scientific study rather than just treasure.
15. Which medical technique was used in 1968?
Answer: X-ray.
16. What shocking fact was found in the X-ray?
Answer: Tut’s breastbone and front ribs were missing.
17. What modern technology was used in 2005?
Answer: CT scanning.
18. How many digital images were produced?
Answer: 1700 images.
19. What was the thickness of each CT scan slice?
Answer: 0.62 millimetre.
20. Who analysed the CT scan images?
Answer: Specialists in radiology, forensics, and anatomy.
21. How was Tut taken to the scanner?
Answer: In a box on a hydraulic lift to a trailer.
22. What problem occurred during scanning?
Answer: Sand blocked the cooler fan.
23. What did the computer images show?
Answer: Tut’s skull, ribs, neck, and hands.
24. Why was Zahi Hawass relieved?
Answer: Because no serious damage was seen during scanning.
25. What did the CT scan help reveal?
Answer: Details about Tut’s physical condition.
26. Why is Tutankhamun still a mystery?
Answer: His sudden death remains unexplained.
27. What does the chapter mainly discuss?
Answer: The scientific study of Tut’s mummy.
28. What is meant by “The Saga Continues”?
Answer: The ongoing research on Tut’s life and death.
29. What is embalming?
Answer: Preserving a dead body.
30. What is the central theme of the chapter?
Answer: The use of science to uncover historical mysteries.
Q1. Describe how Howard Carter discovered Tutankhamun’s tomb and what damage was done to the mummy.
Answer:
Howard Carter, a British archaeologist, discovered the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922 after years of hard work and unsuccessful searches. The tomb was found in the Valley of the Kings and contained the richest collection of royal treasures ever discovered. It included gold artifacts, jewellery, food, clothes, and many daily-use items.
However, when Carter tried to remove the mummy from the solid gold coffin, he faced serious difficulty. The ritual resins used during embalming had hardened and glued the body to the coffin. To remove it, Carter and his men used chisels and cut the mummy into pieces. They removed the head and broke almost all major joints. After separating the body, they reassembled it in a wooden box. This rough treatment left the mummy in a badly damaged condition, which later scientists strongly criticized.
Q2. How has modern archaeology helped in understanding Tutankhamun’s life and death?
Answer:
Modern archaeology has brought great changes in the way ancient remains are studied. Earlier archaeologists were more interested in treasures, but now the focus is on understanding the life and death of people from the past. In Tutankhamun’s case, modern technology played a major role.
In 1968, Tut’s mummy was X-rayed, which revealed that his breastbone and front ribs were missing. In 2005, a CT scan was done to get a clearer picture of his condition. The scan produced 1700 digital X-ray images in very thin slices, allowing experts to study every part of his body.
These scans helped doctors and scientists analyze Tut’s bones, skull, and internal structures without harming the mummy. This scientific method allowed experts to try to solve the mystery of how Tut died and how old he was at the time of death.
Q3. Describe the process and importance of the CT scan performed on Tutankhamun’s mummy.
Answer:
The CT scan of Tutankhamun’s mummy was conducted on January 5, 2005, to find answers to two major questions: how Tut died and how old he was. The mummy was carefully taken from its tomb and placed in a mobile CT scanner. It was lifted using a hydraulic platform into a special trailer that contained the scanner.
Despite some initial technical problems caused by sand, the scanning was completed successfully. The mummy was scanned from head to toe, producing 1700 detailed digital images. Each image was taken in extremely thin slices, allowing experts to see even the smallest details of Tut’s body.
A team of specialists in radiology, forensics, and anatomy studied these images. The scan showed Tut’s skull, neck bones, ribs, and other body parts clearly. This non-invasive technique allowed scientists to study the mummy without damaging it, helping to continue the historical investigation into Tutankhamun’s mysterious death.
The Ailing Planet: The Green Movement’s Role
1. When did the Green Movement start?
Answer: Nearly twenty-five years ago.
2. Where was the first Green Party founded?
Answer: In New Zealand in 1972.
3. What is the main aim of the Green Movement?
Answer: To protect the environment and the Earth.
4. How is the Earth described in the essay?
Answer: As a living organism.
5. What responsibility do humans have toward Earth?
Answer: To be good custodians and trustees for future generations.
6. What is sustainable development?
Answer: Development that meets present needs without harming future generations.
7. Which commission defined sustainable development?
Answer: The World Commission on Environment and Development (1987).
8. Who is called the most dangerous animal?
Answer: Man.
9. How many species are known to exist on Earth?
Answer: About 1.4 million.
10. Which commission first raised ecological issues globally?
Answer: The Brandt Commission.
11. Who listed Earth’s main biological systems?
Answer: Lester R. Brown.
12. Name the four main biological systems.
Answer: Fisheries, forests, grasslands, and croplands.
13. Why are these systems important?
Answer: They provide food and raw materials.
14. What happens when these systems are damaged?
Answer: Food production and ecology collapse.
15. What causes overfishing?
Answer: Protein hunger in poor countries.
16. Why are forests destroyed in poor countries?
Answer: For fuel.
17. How fast are tropical forests disappearing?
Answer: 40–50 million acres per year.
18. Why is burning dung harmful?
Answer: It removes natural fertilizer from soil.
19. How much forest is India losing yearly?
Answer: 3.7 million acres.
20. What did the UN study reveal?
Answer: Environmental deterioration in 88 countries.
21. What major factor threatens humanity’s future?
Answer: Population growth.
22. What was the world population in 1800?
Answer: One billion.
23. What is the present estimated world population?
Answer: About 5.7 billion.
24. How fast is the population growing?
Answer: One million every four days.
25. How does development affect fertility?
Answer: Fertility falls as income, education, and health improve.
26. What is the best contraceptive?
Answer: Development.
27. What is the population of India (1994)?
Answer: About 920 million.
28. What is the choice before humanity?
Answer: Population control or continued poverty.
29. What is the “Era of Responsibility”?
Answer: A time of ecological awareness.
30. What message do Thatcher and Lester Brown convey?
Answer: We must protect the Earth for future generations.
Q1. What is the Green Movement and why is it important for the future of the Earth?
Answer:
The Green Movement began in 1972 in New Zealand with the formation of the first nationwide Green Party. It is one of the most significant movements in world history because it created awareness that the Earth is a living organism with its own systems and needs. The movement made people realise their moral duty to protect the planet and preserve it for future generations.
The Earth is compared to a sick patient whose health is declining due to human activities like deforestation, pollution, overfishing and overuse of resources. The Green Movement encourages humans to shift from a system of domination over nature to a system of partnership with nature. It teaches us to respect all forms of life and use resources responsibly. Thus, the Green Movement is important because it aims to save the Earth from environmental destruction and ensure a healthy future for coming generations.
Q2. Explain the concept of sustainable development as described in the chapter.
Answer:
The concept of sustainable development was introduced by the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987. It means development that meets the needs of the present without harming the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It stresses a balance between economic growth and environmental protection.
The chapter explains that uncontrolled development has damaged forests, fisheries, grasslands and croplands—the four main biological systems of the Earth. If these systems collapse, human life will be in danger. Sustainable development encourages people to use natural resources carefully, reduce waste and avoid harming nature. It promotes long-term planning rather than short-term profit. By following sustainable development, humanity can improve living standards while also protecting the planet.
Q3. How does population growth contribute to environmental problems?
Answer:
Population growth is one of the greatest threats to the future of the Earth. The world population has grown rapidly—from one billion in 1800 to about 5.7 billion today. Every four days, the population increases by one million. This puts enormous pressure on natural resources like land, water, forests and food.
As the population increases, more forests are cut for fuel and land, more fish are caught, and more land is used for farming, leading to environmental damage. The chapter states that development reduces fertility, but development itself becomes difficult if population keeps growing. India’s huge population is also mentioned as a serious concern. Therefore, controlling population through education, better health care and family planning is necessary to protect the environment and reduce poverty.
A Photograph
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Who wrote the poem A Photograph?
Answer: Shirley Toulson. -
Who are Betty and Dolly?
Answer: The poet’s mother’s cousins. -
Where was the photograph taken?
Answer: At the sea beach. -
How old was the poet’s mother in the photograph?
Answer: About twelve years old. -
Who took the photograph?
Answer: The poet’s uncle. -
What were the three girls doing?
Answer: They were paddling in the sea. -
Why did they push their hair aside?
Answer: To smile for the photograph. -
What has not changed over the years?
Answer: The sea. -
How did the poet’s mother react to the photograph later?
Answer: She laughed at it. -
What does the photograph remind the poet of?
Answer: Her mother’s death.
Q1. Describe the photograph and its importance in the poem.
Answer:
The photograph shows the poet’s mother and her two cousins, Betty and Dolly, standing on a beach. They are holding hands and smiling while facing the camera. They are paddling in the sea, and their feet are being washed by sea waves. The poet’s mother is about twelve years old in the photograph. It was taken by her uncle during a holiday.
The photograph is very important because it captures a happy moment from the past. It shows a time before the poet was born. As the years pass, the poet notices that while the sea remains unchanged, her mother has grown older and later passed away. The photograph becomes a symbol of time and memory. It reminds the poet of her mother’s happy childhood and also of her loss. Thus, the photograph connects the past and present emotionally.
Q2. How does the poem express the poet’s feelings about her mother’s death?
Answer:
The poem expresses deep sadness and silent grief over the poet’s mother’s death. The poet remembers how her mother used to laugh at the photograph and recall her childhood days with her cousins. That laughter was warm and loving. However, now her mother is no more, and the poet is left only with memories.
The poet says that her mother has been dead for almost as long as the girl in the photograph had lived. This comparison highlights the passing of time and the pain of loss. The poet finds it difficult to express her sorrow in words, so she becomes silent. The final silence in the poem reflects the depth of her grief and her emotional attachment to her mother.
The Voice of the Rain
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Who is the poet of The Voice of the Rain?
Answer: Walt Whitman. -
What does the poet ask the rain?
Answer: Who it is. -
What does the rain call itself?
Answer: The poem of the Earth. -
From where is the rain born?
Answer: From land and the deep sea. -
Where does the rain go after rising?
Answer: To the sky. -
What does rain do to the dry earth?
Answer: It washes and refreshes it. -
How does rain help seeds?
Answer: It gives them life. -
What is meant by the rain’s song?
Answer: Its life-giving cycle. -
What quality of rain is highlighted?
Answer: Its perpetual and everlasting nature. -
What does the rain return to?
Answer: Its place of origin.
Q1. What is the central idea of the poem “The Voice of the Rain”?
Answer:
The central idea of The Voice of the Rain is the continuous cycle of nature and the life-giving role of rain. The poet presents rain as a living being that speaks about its journey. Rain rises from the land and sea in the form of vapour, goes to the sky, and then returns to the earth as rain. In doing so, it cleanses the earth, refreshes dry soil, and helps seeds to grow.
The rain calls itself “the poem of the earth,” meaning it expresses the beauty and harmony of nature. Just as a poem is created and then returns to the reader with meaning, rain also returns to its source after fulfilling its duty. The poem highlights that rain works silently, whether people notice it or not. Thus, the poet celebrates the eternal and selfless service of rain.
Q2. Explain the symbolic meaning of rain in the poem.
Answer:
In the poem, rain is a symbol of creativity, renewal, and continuity. It represents the natural cycle of life where everything returns to its source after completing its purpose. Just as rain rises from the earth and comes back to nourish it, a poem is written and returns to readers with meaning and emotion.
Rain symbolizes purity and life because it washes away dust and helps seeds grow into plants. It also represents selfless service, as it works for the benefit of the world without expecting anything in return. The poet compares rain to a song that moves freely and returns with love after fulfilling its duty. Through this symbolism, the poet shows the deep connection between nature, creativity, and life.
Childhood – Important Questions & Answers
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Who is the poet of Childhood?
Answer: Markus Natten. -
What does the poet try to find?
Answer: When and where he lost his childhood. -
At what age does the poet think childhood ended?
Answer: At the age of eleven. -
What logical thought made him grow up?
Answer: Hell and Heaven cannot be found on earth. -
What did he realize about adults?
Answer: They were hypocritical. -
What do adults preach but do not practise?
Answer: Love. -
What new power did the poet gain?
Answer: Independent thinking. -
What does the poet mean by individuality?
Answer: Thinking on his own. -
Where does the poet think childhood has gone?
Answer: To a forgotten place. -
In whose face is childhood hidden?
Answer: In an infant’s face.
Q1. What are the three stages where the poet thinks he lost his childhood?
Answer:
The poet describes three moments when he thinks his childhood might have ended. The first is when he turned eleven and began thinking logically. He realized that Hell and Heaven could not be found on any map, so they might not exist. This showed the beginning of rational thinking, which is a sign of growing up.
The second stage is when he discovered the hypocrisy of adults. They talked about love and kindness but did not behave lovingly. This loss of innocence made him more mature.
The third stage is when he realized he could think independently. He no longer repeated what others said but formed his own ideas. This sense of individuality marked the end of his childhood.
Q2. Where does the poet believe his childhood has gone?
Answer:
In the final stanza, the poet wonders where his childhood has disappeared. He believes that it has gone to a forgotten place, hidden in the face of an infant. Just as childhood replaced infancy, adolescence replaces childhood.
This means childhood does not disappear but is passed on to the next generation. Every baby holds that innocence and purity which the poet once had. Thus, childhood continues in the cycle of life, even though the poet himself has grown up.
Father to Son – Important Questions & Answers
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Who is the poet of Father to Son?
Answer: Elizabeth Jennings. -
What is the main theme of the poem?
Answer: The generation gap between father and son. -
What does the father complain about?
Answer: He does not understand his son. -
Do the father and son live together?
Answer: Yes. -
What is missing between them?
Answer: Emotional connection and understanding. -
What story is referred to in the poem?
Answer: The story of the Prodigal Son. -
What does the father want from his son?
Answer: He wants him to return emotionally. -
Why is there no communication between them?
Answer: Because their interests are different. -
What emotion fills the father’s heart?
Answer: Grief and sorrow. -
What does the father finally desire?
Answer: To forgive and rebuild the relationship.
Q1. Describe the relationship between the father and the son in the poem.
Answer:
The relationship between the father and the son is full of misunderstanding and emotional distance. Though they live under the same roof, they are like strangers. The father does not understand what his son thinks or feels. He remembers his son as a child, but now he cannot connect with him.
The father feels that some emotional link between them has been lost. Their interests and views of life are different, which creates a communication gap. The son wants to explore new paths, while the father wants him to remain close and safe. This difference causes loneliness and pain. The poem beautifully presents the sorrow of a father who longs for his son’s love and understanding.
Q2. What does the poem say about the generation gap?
Answer:
The poem shows that the generation gap arises due to differences in thinking, interests, and life goals between parents and children. The father belongs to an older generation and believes in security and familiarity. The son, however, wants freedom and adventure.
Because of this difference, they fail to understand each other. Even when the son speaks, the father cannot understand him. The poem suggests that both need to make an effort to communicate and forgive. Only then can the emotional gap be reduced. Thus, the poem highlights the importance of understanding and acceptance between generations.
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